Jumat, 28 Juni 2013

Tari Barong Ring Bali

In Balinese mythology, the good spirit is identified as Banas Pati Raja. Banas Pati Raja is the fourth "brother" or spirit child that accompanies a child throughout their life, which is a similar concept to guardian angels. Banas Pati Raja is the spirit which animates Barong. A protector spirit, he is often represented as a lion. The Barong is often portrayed accompanied by two monkeys. Barong is portrayed as a lion with red head, covered in white thick fur, and wearing gilded jewelry adorned with pieces of mirrors. The shape of lion Barong is somewhat similar to a Pekingese dog. The origins of the Barong are far a back in time and quite uncertain. Its origins could be from animist'cults, before Hinduism appeared, when villagers still believed in the supernatural protective power of animals
On the other hand, Rangda is Barong's opposite. While Barong represent good, Rangda represent evil. Rangda is known as a demon queen, the incarnation of Calon Arang, the legendary witch that wrecking havoc in ancient Java during the reign of Airlangga in 10th century. It is said that Calon Arang was a widow, powerful in black magic, who often damaged farmer's crops and caused disease to come. She had a girl, named Ratna Manggali, who, though beautiful, could not get a husband because people were afraid of her mother. Because of the difficulties faced by her daughter, Calon Arang was angry and she intended to take revenge by kidnapping a young girl. She brought the girl to a temple to be sacrificed to the goddess Durga. The next day, a great flood engulfed the village and many people died. Disease also appeared.
King Airlangga, who had heard of this matter, then asked for his advisor, Empu Bharada, to deal with this problem. Empu Bharada then sent his disciple, Empu Bahula, to be married to Ratna. Both were married with a huge feast that lasted seven days and seven nights, and the situation returned to normal. Calon Arang had a book that contained magic incantations. One day, this book was found by Empu Bahula, who turned it over to Empu Bharada. As soon as Calon Arang knew that the book had been stolen, she became angry and decided to fight Empu Bharada. Without the help of Durga, Calon Arang was defeated. Since she was defeated, the village was safe from the threat of Calon Arang's black magic.Another version holds that Rangda was actually linked to historical queen Mahendradatta or Gunapriyadharmapatni, a Javanese princess sister of Dharmawangsa of East Javanese Isyana Dynasty of late Medang Kingdom period. She was the queen consort of Balinese king Udayana and Airlangga's own mother. Mahendradatta is known for her devotion to the cult of Durga in Bali. The story goes that Mahendradatta, the mother of Airlangga, was condemned by Airlangga's father because she practiced black magic. After she became a widow (Rangda in old Javanese means: 'widow'), hurt and humiliated, she sought revenge upon her ex-husband's court and whole of his kingdom. She summoned all the evil spirits in the jungle, the leyaks and the demons that caused plague and death in the kingdom. Airlangga face his own mother to save the kingdom. A fight occurred, but she and her black magic troops were so powerful that Airlangga had to ask for the help of spirit king, Barong in order to defeat her. Barong came with Airlangga's soldiers, and the fight ensued. Rangda cast a spell that made Airlangga soldiers all want to kill themselves, pointing their poisoned keris into their own stomachs and chests. In response, Barong cast a spell which caused the soldiers body's to be resistant to the sharp keris. At the end, Barong won, and Rangda ran away.

TAJEN (TRADITIONAL BALINESE)

TAJEN BALINESE COCK FIGHTING Tajen is Balinese word for cock fighting gambling, yet in the sense of true gambling of Bali Tajen has developed from a small number of men gathering at the village temple during the ritual provocating their cocks to fight each other until one or either were dead or one gives up armed with sharp two sided knife tied at the leg of the cock involved in fighting. Both cocks will injure each other, even kills one or both. This sharp knife called " taji " which word forms "tajian", and tajian is assimilated into " tajen " The bebebotoh is the name of tajen gambler who use the money for betting at the cock fighting field called " kalangan tajen " It is not known when Balinese started to know this type of gambling.

We know that in Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Lombok also exist the tradition of cock fighting, but the cock is not armed with taji like in Bali. Here the winner is the cock that made it's sparing smacked down until it gave up or run away with the sigh of tortures. During the kingdom of Bali it was permitted by the smaller kingdoms as the source of retribution or a kind of tax. This is probably the beginning of popularity of tajen, which then among priests also relate it as a requirement of religious ritual called " tabuh rah". The meaning of tabuh rah is water or essence of blood.

During a ceremony called " macaru " some tabuhs are needed such as alcohol of coconut ( tuak ), alcohol of rice ( brem ), and including essence of blood. It is not clear what is the philosophy of all this just like the complicated banten offering. Writer think that the element of blood essence is the influence of Buddhist left hand path such as Tantrayana school who was ever existing in Bali, and it's influence on the completion of Banten in Bali has been very strong. If we see the Pedanda ( Hindu priest ) when conducting various offerings, it is very clear from his hand gestures called " Mudra ". The mudra is belong to the tradition of Tantrayana who belives that hand gestures can arise magic power as well as the belief of chakra in the body of human beings. It is just no reason basis that can be understood by human being. This must all the practiced by priests and other religious figures, that how far they understand this activity is a big question.Since the government of Indonesia declared with regulations that tajen is one of gambling and is forbidden, the bebotohs looking for a reason that tajen is a tabuh rah, for requirement of ritual, and always organize the tajen during the temple ritual, or during family ritual. The birth of tajen inspired a person to write superstitious forecasts. We do not able to find out weather the writing was made by a brahmana or a common people. Seen from the language it would have been written around 18th century. This manuscript is called " Pengayam-ayaman" or simply means the consultant for bebotohs to foresee what cock will be the winner on certain day of the tajen, what color of the cock will be the victorious, and at what direction the cock should be provocated for the first time on the battle field. The manuscript claims to be able to give clues to the cock that will win the battle.

During the 18th century common people did not have the skill to write such a manuscript except the priests, even it was the fact that common people were prevented to gain the knowledge of writing by some restrictions imposed by the tradition such as before starting to read and write one must got a ritual called " meprayascitta" which is not easy for common people. Common people can not put the written material at any place or step down or put under the bed or at any time under lower places. If any one offences this tradition it is said that he will be cursed by the invisible spirit. So this is a perfect way to make people illiterate until today. Further effort by the priest even more conspicuous by making an opinion that on the day of Saraswati is the day of knowledge where manuscripts got special offering. Indeed the illiterate also make offering to the temple aside from the offering focused to the manuscripts or books, as the symbol of knowledge.

A myth of Dewi Saraswati, the daughter of God Brahma is now appointed as the god of knowledge and directing common people to get knowledge by making offering to the Goddess of Saraswati instead of learning seriously on knowledge. So, whatever the writing about tajen and the symbolic knowledge, nature has succeeded in keeping people illiterate until today.

The bustling of tajen continued until 1980s without opposition from any person or even government, most of the bebotohs had sacrificed their properties, wife, and children, as they have chosen to be a miserable people, yet the view of large part of Balinese especially house wives are totally refuse the existence of tajen. The fact that house wives have been the most directly affected by the tejen, as a bebotoh neglects his obligation, even damaging his family. As naturally part of gambling, tajen like having a magic charms of easy money, it also triggers the presence of various type of gambling around it such as gambling using card, balls, and others.

Gambling using card, ball, and others usually crowded around the tajen field. A tajen has an organization such as " sayan tajen " like a committee, tools such as kulkul to start and stop the cock fighting, or giving session, coconut shell water fountain to measure the session time, and indeed a god who protects the whole entity of tajen. See at a glance the life of bebotohs during tajen it is hard to understand such as they are in an extasic or euporia.

There is arising opinion among bebotohs when a couple of cocks being provoked to fight that one will be the winner. This cock gets large part of support from audience bebotohs, and in Balinese this cock is called " kebut " Normally the position of kebut meaning that most of the bebotohs will put their money to bet on it. Those who bet the other cock which is only got fewer betters, will be benefited by the willingness of a large part of bebotohs on the field to double or even triple the amount of the money be put on his winner favorite. When the "pekembar" the two men provoke two cocks to fight with knife already tied at each leg, then the bebotohs standing around the field starting to shout " biing - biing or buik-buik or cok-cok, or gasal-gasal " and others.

Biing means that the shouter invite other bebotohs to bet against him that he put the betting for biing colored cock ( red cock ) and if any person put his betting on the fighter of the red cock he wish to bet the money on agreement of the amount. Some bebotohs with great belief that his winner favorite will get triple of the amount of rival betting which is indicated by the shouting of " tluin - tluin ". Cok and gasal. Tluin means one bet with 3 and rival with only 1, while cok means even, and gasal means one with bigger amount and rival smaller amount with negotiated amount.

Balinese gives cocks names and also hen or chicken based on the color of it's feathers. Within this mixed colors there are names such as biing ( red ), buik ( blue - black - white ), klau ( mostly blue and black ), berumbun ( mixed color of grey, black and white ), putih ( white ), ijo ( dark green some time with black ), and others. Beside it's good tradition to give names for their cock that is probably at the beginning was started with the need of easier way in tajen or rituals because both tajen and ritual have the same importance of the name of the chicken or cock. Certain ritual can only sacrifice biing or berumbun, while others need both or even every colors. Until now no one can find weather tajen or ritual that has been initiated the name for the cocks.

It is probably clear about double or triple betting above, here is tried to take an example. In a tajen the bebotohs agreed to put into battle ( Bali : mayuang ) their cocks, say between rooster A and B. When both cocks enter the battle field the bebotohs have the information already of the physical superiority of each cock, added with the information of superstitious belief of the manuscript they will choose one of his favorite winner, weather it will fall to A or B. Not all bebotohs use this opinion to choose favorite winner. Some of them only follow their feeling, some only follow others, some use previous session fightings as the indicator of next winner.

When a large part of the bebotohs choosed A as the favorite winner, then the rival better will imbalance, it might come to a position that A got 70%, and B only 30%. In this case those bebotohs who choosed A will take a risk to put 200% of the amount of rival money to bet on A, so who bets on B only prepare their money 30%. It is strange that a cock which is " kebut " or a large part of the bebotohs put betting on it have more success compared to the minor one. This is probably having to do with the physical condition of the cock compared to it's rival. In this case indeed an experienced bebotohs will know this. Today the existence of tajen is truly on the edge of steep drop as the government has been strongly put the measures that this type of gambling has made most of the people of Bali fall into misery. But the fact there are still some learnt people giving strong advocation of this gambling on their stupidity into the future of the society.Since the government of Indonesia declared with regulations that tajen is one of gambling and is forbidden, the bebotohs looking for a reason that tajen is a tabuh rah, for requirement of ritual, and always organize the tajen during the temple ritual, or during family ritual. The birth of tajen inspired a person to write superstitious forecasts. We do not able to find out weather the writing was made by a brahmana or a common people. Seen from the language it would have been written around 18th century. This manuscript is called " Pengayam-ayaman" or simply means the consultant for bebotohs to foresee what cock will be the winner on certain day of the tajen, what color of the cock will be the victorious, and at what direction the cock should be provocated for the first time on the battle field. The manuscript claims to be able to give clues to the cock that will win the battle.

During the 18th century common people did not have the skill to write such a manuscript except the priests, even it was the fact that common people were prevented to gain the knowledge of writing by some restrictions imposed by the tradition such as before starting to read and write one must got a ritual called " meprayascitta" which is not easy for common people. Common people can not put the written material at any place or step down or put under the bed or at any time under lower places. If any one offences this tradition it is said that he will be cursed by the invisible spirit. So this is a perfect way to make people illiterate until today. Further effort by the priest even more conspicuous by making an opinion that on the day of Saraswati is the day of knowledge where manuscripts got special offering. Indeed the illiterate also make offering to the temple aside from the offering focused to the manuscripts or books, as the symbol of knowledge.

A myth of Dewi Saraswati, the daughter of God Brahma is now appointed as the god of knowledge and directing common people to get knowledge by making offering to the Goddess of Saraswati instead of learning seriously on knowledge. So, whatever the writing about tajen and the symbolic knowledge, nature has succeeded in keeping people illiterate until today.

The bustling of tajen continued until 1980s without opposition from any person or even government, most of the bebotohs had sacrificed their properties, wife, and children, as they have chosen to be a miserable people, yet the view of large part of Balinese especially house wives are totally refuse the existence of tajen. The fact that house wives have been the most directly affected by the tejen, as a bebotoh neglects his obligation, even damaging his family. As naturally part of gambling, tajen like having a magic charms of easy money, it also triggers the presence of various type of gambling around it such as gambling using card, balls, and others.

Gambling using card, ball, and others usually crowded around the tajen field. A tajen has an organization such as " sayan tajen " like a committee, tools such as kulkul to start and stop the cock fighting, or giving session, coconut shell water fountain to measure the session time, and indeed a god who protects the whole entity of tajen. See at a glance the life of bebotohs during tajen it is hard to understand such as they are in an extasic or euporia.

There is arising opinion among bebotohs when a couple of cocks being provoked to fight that one will be the winner. This cock gets large part of support from audience bebotohs, and in Balinese this cock is called " kebut " Normally the position of kebut meaning that most of the bebotohs will put their money to bet on it. Those who bet the other cock which is only got fewer betters, will be benefited by the willingness of a large part of bebotohs on the field to double or even triple the amount of the money be put on his winner favorite. When the "pekembar" the two men provoke two cocks to fight with knife already tied at each leg, then the bebotohs standing around the field starting to shout " biing - biing or buik-buik or cok-cok, or gasal-gasal " and others.

Biing means that the shouter invite other bebotohs to bet against him that he put the betting for biing colored cock ( red cock ) and if any person put his betting on the fighter of the red cock he wish to bet the money on agreement of the amount. Some bebotohs with great belief that his winner favorite will get triple of the amount of rival betting which is indicated by the shouting of " tluin - tluin ". Cok and gasal. Tluin means one bet with 3 and rival with only 1, while cok means even, and gasal means one with bigger amount and rival smaller amount with negotiated amount.

Balinese gives cocks names and also hen or chicken based on the color of it's feathers. Within this mixed colors there are names such as biing ( red ), buik ( blue - black - white ), klau ( mostly blue and black ), berumbun ( mixed color of grey, black and white ), putih ( white ), ijo ( dark green some time with black ), and others. Beside it's good tradition to give names for their cock that is probably at the beginning was started with the need of easier way in tajen or rituals because both tajen and ritual have the same importance of the name of the chicken or cock. Certain ritual can only sacrifice biing or berumbun, while others need both or even every colors. Until now no one can find weather tajen or ritual that has been initiated the name for the cocks.

It is probably clear about double or triple betting above, here is tried to take an example. In a tajen the bebotohs agreed to put into battle ( Bali : mayuang ) their cocks, say between rooster A and B. When both cocks enter the battle field the bebotohs have the information already of the physical superiority of each cock, added with the information of superstitious belief of the manuscript they will choose one of his favorite winner, weather it will fall to A or B. Not all bebotohs use this opinion to choose favorite winner. Some of them only follow their feeling, some only follow others, some use previous session fightings as the indicator of next winner.

When a large part of the bebotohs choosed A as the favorite winner, then the rival better will imbalance, it might come to a position that A got 70%, and B only 30%. In this case those bebotohs who choosed A will take a risk to put 200% of the amount of rival money to bet on A, so who bets on B only prepare their money 30%. It is strange that a cock which is " kebut " or a large part of the bebotohs put betting on it have more success compared to the minor one. This is probably having to do with the physical condition of the cock compared to it's rival. In this case indeed an experienced bebotohs will know this. Today the existence of tajen is truly on the edge of steep drop as the government has been strongly put the measures that this type of gambling has made most of the people of Bali fall into misery. But the fact there are still some learnt people giving strong advocation of this gambling on their stupidity into the future of the society.

Selasa, 18 Juni 2013

NYEPI


Ogoh-ogoh are statues built for the Ngrupuk parade, which takes place on the eve of Nyepi day in Bali, Indonesia. Ogoh-ogoh normally have form of mythological beings, mostly demons. As with many creative endeavours based on Balinese Hinduism, the creation of Ogoh-ogoh represents spiritual aims inspired by Hindu philosophy.[1][2]
The main purpose of the making of Ogoh-ogoh is the purification of the natural environment of any spiritual pollutants emitted from the activities of living beings (especially humans). The forms of Ogoh-ogoh represent the Bhuta-Kala (Bhuta: eternal energy, Kala: eternal time), according to Hindu teachings. The imperceptible potentials of nature cannot be thoroughly explored by anyone. Philosophically, civilized men are required to manage the natural resources without damaging the environment itself.
Aside from being the symbol of Bhuta-Kala, Ogoh-ogoh is considered a symbol of modes of nature that form the malicious characters of living beings. Ogoh-ogoh are usually made by the group of artists found in villages around Bali. After being paraded on a convoy around the town, finally it is burnt to ashes in a cemetery as a symbol of self-purification.
An Ogoh-ogoh is normally standing on a pad built of timber planks and bamboos. The pad is designed to sustain the Ogoh-ogoh while it is being lifted and carried around the village or the town square. There are normally eight or more men carrying the Ogoh-ogoh on their shoulders. This procession is accompanied by orchestral music performed by the youth. The use of flares is also a main part of the parade.
During the procession, the Ogoh-ogoh is rotated counter-clockwise three times. This act is done at every T-junction and crossroad of the village. Rotating the effigies during the cremational parade and the eve of Nyepi represents the contact of the bodies with the spirits. It is intended to bewilder the evil spirits so that they go away and cease harming human beings.
The Ogoh-ogoh is a very recent addition to the Nyepi ceremonies, first appearing in Denpasar in the early 1980s. At that time, they were carefully monitored for any criticism of the Suharto regime.

SABONG

Tajen is Balinese word for cock fighting gambling, yet in the sense of true gambling of Bali Tajen has developed from a small number of men gathering at the village temple during the ritual provocating their cocks to fight each other until one or either were dead or one gives up armed with sharp two sided knife tied at the leg of the cock involved in fighting. Both cocks will injure each other, even kills one or both. This sharp knife called " taji " which word forms "tajian", and tajian is assimilated into " tajen " The bebebotoh is the name of tajen gambler who use the money for betting at the cock fighting field called " kalangan tajen " It is not known when Balinese started to know this type of gambling.

We know that in Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Lombok also exist the tradition of cock fighting, but the cock is not armed with taji like in Bali. Here the winner is the cock that made it's sparing smacked down until it gave up or run away with the sigh of tortures. During the kingdom of Bali it was permitted by the smaller kingdoms as the source of retribution or a kind of tax. This is probably the beginning of popularity of tajen, which then among priests also relate it as a requirement of religious ritual called " tabuh rah". The meaning of tabuh rah is water or essence of blood.

During a ceremony called " macaru " some tabuhs are needed such as alcohol of coconut ( tuak ), alcohol of rice ( brem ), and including essence of blood. It is not clear what is the philosophy of all this just like the complicated banten offering. Writer think that the element of blood essence is the influence of Buddhist left hand path such as Tantrayana school who was ever existing in Bali, and it's influence on the completion of Banten in Bali has been very strong. If we see the Pedanda ( Hindu priest ) when conducting various offerings, it is very clear from his hand gestures called " Mudra ". The mudra is belong to the tradition of Tantrayana who belives that hand gestures can arise magic power as well as the belief of chakra in the body of human beings. It is just no reason basis that can be understood by human being. This must all the practiced by priests and other religious figures, that how far they understand this activity is a big question.

Rabu, 12 Juni 2013

SENI BALI

Balinese culture is perhaps most known for its dance, drama and sculpture. The culture is noted for its use of the gamelan in music. The island is also known for its form of Wayang kulit or Shadow play/Shadow Puppet theatre. It also has several unique aspects related to their religions traditions. Balinese culture is a mix of Balinese Hindu/Buddhist religion and Balinese custom.
Traditionally, a display of female breasts is not regarded as immodest. Balinese women can often be seen with their bare chest; however, a display of the thigh is considered immodest. In modern Bali these customs are normally not strictly observed, but visitors visiting Balinese temples are advised to cover their legs.
In the Balinese naming system, a person's rank of birth or caste is reflected in the name.